Prácticas de cuidado y promoción de salud mental en una cooperativa de trabajo de la cárcel de máxima seguridad de Batán, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina. El caso de la Cooperativa Liberté

En el presente trabajo se analizarán los resultados parciales de una investigación en curso "Proceso de construcción de una cooperativa en la cárcel de máxima seguridad de Batán: contexto, actores, facilitadores y obstáculos. El caso de la Cooperativa Liberté" en el marco de la Especialización en Gestión de la Economía Social y Solidaria de la Universidad Nacional de Quilmes. La experiencia de la Cooperativa Liberté permite dar cuenta de la relación existente entre el cooperativismo y la promoción de salud/salud mental. Identificaremos a lo largo del trabajo, el modo en que las asociaciones solidarias - mediante la construcción de ciudadanía e identidades con sentido de comunidad -, posibilitan escenarios creativos para el cuestionamiento de contextos opresores y la construcción de posibilidades de acciones colectivas, aspectos centrales para la promoción de la salud mental. Metodológicamente se trabajó con análisis de documentos y registros, observación participante con triangulación de fuentes. Se realizó un análisis de fuentes secundarias (materiales escritos y audiovisuales elaborados por la propia cooperativa), observación participante y registros de diferentes actividades llevadas adelante por la cooperativa, y entrevistas a informantes claves.

No presente trabalho serão analisados os resultados parciais de uma pesquisa em andamento no âmbito da Especialização em Gestão da Economia Social e Solidária da Universidade Nacional de Quilmes. A experiência da Cooperativa Liberté permite compreender a relação entre o cooperativismo e a promoção da saúde/saúde mental. Ao longo do trabalho, identificaremos a forma como as associações solidárias - através da construção de cidadania e de identidades com sentido de comunidade - possibilitam cenários criativos para o questionamento de contextos opressivos e a construção de possibilidades de ações coletivas, aspectos centrais para a promoção de saúde mental. Metodologicamente, trabalhamos com análise de documentos e registros, observação participante com triangulação de fontes. Foi realizada análise de fontes secundárias (materiais escritos e audiovisuais elaborados pela própria cooperativa), observação participante e registros de diversas atividades realizadas pela cooperativa e entrevistas com informantes-chave.

This paper will analyze the partial results of an ongoing research within the framework of the Specialization in Management of the Social and Solidarity Economy of the National University of Quilmes. The experience of the Liberté Cooperative allows us to understand the relationship between cooperativism and health promotion/mental health. Throughout the articule, we will identify the way in which solidarity associations - through the construction of citizenship and identities with a sense of community - enable creative scenarios for the questioning of oppressive contexts and the construction of possibilities for collective actions, central aspects for mental health promotion. Methodologically, we worked with analysis of documents and records, participant observation with triangulation of sources. An analysis of secondary sources was carried out (written and audiovisual materials prepared by the cooperative itself), participant observation and records of different activities carried out by the cooperative, and interviews with key informants.

Confinamiento involuntario durante la Pandemia COVID -19: Costos en la salud mental y psicosocial / Involuntary confinement during the COVID -19 Pandemic: Mental and psychosocial health costs

Resumen Objetivo: Identificar costos del confinamiento involuntario por la pandemia COVID -19 en la salud mental y psicosocial. Materiales y Métodos: Se realiza una revisión exploratoria documental del confinamiento involuntario y las afecciones o costes en el ser humano, se realizó una búsqueda en bases de datos bibliográficos y a través de internet en revistas y organismos públicos de cuatro descriptores y sus combinaciones, salud mental, salud psicosocial, costos en la pandemia COVID -19, confinamiento involuntario, entre los años 2019 a 2021. Luego de la localización de 20 estudios se realizó una selección y análisis de la documentación, excluyendo 5 de ellos que no eran relevantes para el objetivo, para el análisis de datos se estructuró la información, en costos en la salud mental identificando afectaciones neurofisiológicas como la confusión en el sistema lucha-huida y la hiperactivación y/o hipoactivación del sistema nervioso y en costos psicosociales ante el confinamiento como la sensación de amenaza anticipada y continua, ansiedad, miedo, tristeza, dolor, depresión, sobre estrés, traumas, vulnerabilidad y cambios culturales. Resultados: La pandemia COVID-19 es inédita, histórica, multinacional y de impacto multidimensional, la falta de mitigación de esta y el tiempo excedido de resistirla ha expuesto al ser humano a continuos estresores que erosionan la seguridad y causan incertidumbre, aunado a ello, durante la pandemia el confinamiento ha traído consigo altos costos en la salud mental de tipo neurológicos y psicosociales tales como el sobre-estrés, síntomas ansioso-depresivos, vulnerabilidad en la integridad personal y social. Conclusiones: Se requiere generar estrategias de bienestar emocional para disminuir el impacto en la salud mental, psíquica y al entramado social a partir de propiciar la recuperación de redes de empatía, benevolencia, compasión, apoyo solidario, colectivizando el dolor y las perdidas, diluyendo el impacto de esta al recuperar la confianza y seguridad en uno mismo, en los otros.

Abstract Objective: To identify the costs of involuntary confinement due to the COVID-19 pandemic in the mental and psychosocial health. Materials and methods: An exploratory documentary review of involuntary confinement and its costs in the human nature was carried out. Four descriptors and their combinations, mental health, health psychosocial, costs in the COVID -19 pandemic, and involuntary confinement were searched in bibliographic databases and online in journals and public organizations from 2019 to 2021. 20 studies were found. After selecting and analyzing the documentation five studies were excluded as they were not relevant. To analyze the data, the information was classified in mental health costs, identifying neurophysiological effects such as confusion in the fight-flight system and hyperactivation and/or hypoactivation of the nervous system, and in psychosocial costs in the face of confinement, such as the feeling of anticipated and continuous threat, anxiety, fear, sadness, pain, depression, over stress, trauma, vulnerability, and cultural changes. Results: The COVID-19 pandemic is unprecedented, historical, multinational and has a multidimensional impact. The lack of mitigation and the time exceeded resisting it has exposed the humans to continuous stressors that undermine confidence and cause uncertainty. In addition, during the pandemic, confinement brought with it high mental health costs of a neurological and psychosocial nature, such as overstress, anxious-depressive symptoms, vulnerability in personal and social integrity. Conclusions: It is necessary to generate emotional well-being strategies to reduce the impact on mental and psychic health and the social fabric by promoting the recovery of networks of empathy, benevolence, compassion, solidarity support, collectivizing pain and losses, thus recovering confidence and security in oneself and in others.

Experiencias de aprendizaje en la formación virtual de docentes durante el confinamiento por COVID-19 / Learning experiences in virtual teacher training during confinement by COVID-19. A qualitative approach

Resumen La formación universitaria de docentes durante el confinamiento provocado por la pandemia de COVID-19 ha estado influida por diferentes factores. El objetivo de este estudio es analizar las experiencias de aprendizaje de un grupo de estudiantes de la carrera de licenciatura en Educación Básica de una universidad ecuatoriana. Se utilizó un enfoque cualitativo a través de un análisis del contenido temático de narrativas escritas a manera de reportes reflexivos. La investigación se organizó en el contexto del proyecto de perfeccionamiento de la formación docente atendiendo a las seis categorías que influyen directamente en la formación del estudiante y que delimitan el desafío didáctico y pedagógico de quienes se ocupan de formar docentes. Los resultados aluden a la brecha tecnológica que hace cada vez más visible la desigualdad social, pero a la vez la capacidad de reestructuración, adaptación al contexto virtual tanto de estudiantes en formación como de sus docentes. Todo ello, pese a que no hubo una preparación oportuna y suficiente en las estrategias de afrontamiento para el aprendizaje virtual de forma saludable en condiciones de confinamiento. Las experiencias contadas en voz de los y las estudiantes confirman las distintas percepciones sobre categorías que influyen en su formación y la necesidad de avanzar en una estrategia integradora entre los profesionales de la educación y la salud que incorpore las particularidades descritas para un enfoque más inclusivo de la formación docente.

Abstract Teachers' university training during the confinement caused by the COVID-19 pandemic has been influenced by various factors. This research's main objective was to analyse the learning experiences of undergraduate students in Basic Education at an Ecuadorian university. The current study involves a qualitative approach using a thematic content analysis of narratives written as reflective reports. The sample was composed by 5th semester students of the Basic Education career. They were between 19 and 38 years old, and their narratives were selected taking into account these selection parameters: the stories were set up in a reasonable and meaningful way, followed the structure: introduction, development, conclusion; and they were deep, but very clear in the reflections made that direct the future perspective of the subject in question. This study was organized as part of a project for the improvement of teachers' training, taking into account the six categories that have a direct influence on student education and that define a didactic and pedagogical challenge of those who are in charge of university processes. According to the previous argument, some of these categories are the use of electronic devices and access to learning technologies; the adaptation and use of teaching strategies in the virtual context; the development of students' creativity during virtual learning; learning environment and family coexistence at home; and physical and emotional well-being. The findings indicate: greater relevance of information and communication technologies (ICT) as a platform for teaching and receiving classes; improvement of the teaching-learning process; means of social interaction; resources for research on the internet. Moreover, the training of future teachers currently depends on the possession of devices to be able to access training activities; this technological gap makes social inequality increasingly visible. Another important result is that the pandemic tested the capacity of both, students and teachers to restructure and adapt to the virtual context. This is related to the status of most teachers as digital migrants and of students as digital natives. In the case of teachers, they have not yet managed to adapt to the use of teaching strategies in the virtual context, while students mastered ICTs. For those who found their applications and tools for the first time in the context of the pandemic, it was a welcomed learning opportunity. The development of students' creativity during virtual learning was marked by the role assumed by teachers, as a consequence of the intensive use of ICTs that has allowed young people to keep busy and learn while having fun. Teachers have focused more on their use in order to enhance their emotional intelligence to face new and stressful situations in their professional practice. Regarding the family environment, beyond the leading role that families have assumed as facilitators of the teaching-learning process, members may hinder attention, concentration, comprehension, and memorization of knowledge due to the different distractions generated at home. According to some of the teachers in training consulted for this research, student and teacher communication was flexible, and many students have been able to pass every subject. The teachers in training consulted recognized the practices that threaten their physical and emotional well-being and the need to rethink new styles of healthcare for themselves and their families. Finally, it is concluded that the experiences manifested were presented bearing in mind the fundamental categories of the study. Students confirmed the different perceptions on categories that influence their training and the need to advance in an integrative strategy between education and health professionals that incorporates the particularities described for a more inclusive approach to teacher training.

Manifestaciones psicopatológicas en una adolescente debido al impacto de la COVID-19

Introducción: La adolescencia es una de las etapas más trascendentales de la vida; en ella el cerebro experimenta una serie de cambios y conexiones que suponen un antes y un después para la persona. Cada adolescente vive esta experiencia de una manera diferente. Muchos estudios muestran las devastadoras consecuencias que ha dejado el confinamiento generado por la pandemia de COVID-19 en este segmento poblacional y la importancia de aplicar un tratamiento adecuado. Objetivo: Identificar las manifestaciones psicopatológicas frente al impacto de la COVID-19. Presentación del caso: Adolescente femenina, de 13 años, de procedencia urbana, con antecedentes de salud mental previa, que convive con ambos padres y una hermana menor, en un ambiente familiar armónico. Acudió al cuerpo de guardia en compañía de su madre, por presentar manifestaciones depresivas y ansiosas dadas por miedo a contagiarse, a la muerte, a estar sola, a la oscuridad, a perder a sus familiares, deambulaba de un lado a otro sin ningún propósito y se negaba a ingerir alimentos. Todo comenzó al inicio de la pandemia por la COVID-19. Se decidió su ingreso en la sala de psiquiatría del Hospital Pediátrico Docente Sur "Dr. Antonio María Béguez César" Santiago de Cuba en abril de 2020. Conclusiones: La intervención psicoterapéutica y el tratamiento psicofarmacológico, resultaron efectivos para disminuir la ansiedad, el miedo a la muerte, la fobia y los elementos obsesivos, la depresión y el insomnio, generados por el confinamiento debido a la pandemia por COVID-19.

Introduction: Adolescence is one of the most transcendental stages of life. In it the brain undergoes a series of changes and connections that represent a before and after for the person. Every teenager lives this experience in a different way. Many studies show the devastating consequences left by the confinement generated by the COVID-19 pandemic in this population segment, and the importance of applying adequate treatment. Objective: To identify the psycho-pathological manifestations against the impact of COVID-19. Case presentation: Female adolescent, 13 years old, of urban origin, with a previous mental health history, who lives with both parents and a younger sister, in a harmonious family environment. She went to the emergency service in the company of her mother, after presenting depressive and anxious manifestations given by fears of being infected, of death, of being alone, of darkness, of losing her relatives; she wandered back and forth without any purpose and refused to eat food. It all started at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic. It was decided to admit her to the psychiatric service of "Dr. Antonio María Béguez César" South Teaching Pediatric Hospital, in Santiago de Cuba province in April 2020. Conclusions: Psychotherapeutic intervention and psycho-pharmacological treatment were effective in reducing anxiety, fear of death, phobia and obsessive elements, and depression and insomnia generated by the confinement due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Abrupt introduction of distance learning during the covid­19 pandemic: What psychological impact on teachers?

As soon as the COVID 19 , the Moroccan education ministry decided to adopt distance learning (DL). Our target was to study the psychological impact of DL on Moroccan teachers during the pandemic. This cross-sectional study used an online questionnaire based on the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Among %, and the average age was 41.1±11.5 years. 79.1% participated in DL, 58.8% were required to acquire DL tools and 71.6% had never received DL training. Between the start and the end of confinement, we noticed a decrease in the motivation of teachers.36.2% had definite depressive symptomatology and 41.3% had certain anxiety symptomatology with a significant predominance in women. The frequencies of depression and anxiety were higher in those who had participated in DL, but the association was not significant. Depression was significantly frequent among teachers who were obliged to acquire tools to practice DL P=0.02, those who had never received training DL P=0.046, and those who were not satisfied with the situation P=0.03. We didn't find a direct association between DL and anxiety and depression, which the small sample size may explain, but we did find an association with the variables related to DL

ZnO quantum dots a novel nanomaterial for various applications: Recent advances and challenges

Globally, in the recent era of 22nd century, ZnO quantum dots has gained huge attention of researchers towards its various applications in nano-biotechnology industry. This review article provides substantial approach on several aspects of ZnO quantum dots, its properties, synthesis process, factors affecting the synthesis process. Recent advances and challenges in QDs synthesis and their applications. Though the use of ZnO QDs has shown huge progress, but still so many challenges are there at present like economically cheaper level commercialization of quantum dots, proper in vitro and in vivo application of ZnO quantum dots, so that it can fulfil the need of the industry for various applications.

Efecto del confinamiento sobre la inactividad física en poblaciones infanto-juveniles / Efeito do confinamento sobre a inatividade física em populações infantis e juvenis / Effect of confinement on physical inactivity in child and juvenile populations

RESUMEN Introducción: Un brote de enfermedad por una variedad de coronavirus que afecta a los humanos comenzó en diciembre de 2019 en Wuhan, China, donde hasta enero del 2022 ha provocado más de cinco millones y medio de muertes. A medida que la pandemia de COVID-19 continúa desarrollándose a escala mundial, las autoridades de los diferentes territorios y países han introducido varias medidas de protección, incluido el cierre de escuelas, universidades, la prohibición de viajes, eventos culturales, deportivos y de reuniones sociales. Estos procesos de reclusión y aislamiento social obligatorios fueron una realidad impuesta por el gobierno argentino como medio preventivo frente a la pandemia del SARS-CoV-2. Actualmente, existen pocos registros estadísticos donde se muestren las afectaciones ocasionadas en el estado físico de poblaciones infanto-juveniles, que hayan sido confinadas debido a las medidas preventivas tomadas frente a la pandemia del Covid-19. Objetivo: Por tal motivo, en este estudio se pretendió describir algunos de los efectos del confinamiento sobre la inactividad física en poblaciones infanto-juveniles de Comodoro Rivadavia y Rada Tilly. Materiales y métodos: Se emplearon métodos y técnicas científicas de investigación como el analítico-sintético, inductivo-deductivo, análisis de documentos y un cuestionario anónimo, contestado por 466 sujetos (femenino= 237 - masculino= 229), cuyas edades eran de 12±6 años. Resultados: Con los datos obtenidos, se concluyó (P<0,05) que esta población sufrió un incremento en el tiempo frente a las pantallas, disminuyendo el tiempo empleado para realizar actividad física, provocando modificaciones asociadas a un incremento en la cantidad de sueño, debido al confinamiento. Conclusiones: Esta situación traerá consecuencias a futuro; por ello que es necesario generar estrategias que permitan un entorno activo a través del ejercicio físico.

RESUMO Introdução: Um surto de doença de uma cepa de coronavírus afetando seres humanos começou em dezembro de 2019 em Wuhan, China, onde em janeiro de 2022 resultou em mais de cinco milhões e meio de mortes. Como a pandemia da COVID-19 continua a se desenvolver em escala global, as autoridades em diferentes territórios e países introduziram várias medidas de proteção, incluindo o fechamento de escolas, universidades, proibições de viagens, eventos culturais, encontros esportivos e sociais. Estes processos de isolamento obrigatório e isolamento social foram uma realidade imposta pelo governo argentino como medida preventiva contra a pandemia de SARS-CoV-2. Atualmente, há poucos registros estatísticos mostrando os efeitos na condição física de crianças e jovens que foram confinados devido às medidas preventivas tomadas em resposta à pandemia de Covid-19. Objetivo: Por esta razão, o objetivo deste estudo foi descrever alguns dos efeitos do confinamento sobre a inatividade física em populações infantis e jovens em Comodoro Rivadavia e Rada Tilly. Materiais e métodos: Utilizamos métodos e técnicas de pesquisa científica como analítico-sintético, indutivo-dedutivo, análise de documentos e um questionário anônimo, respondido por 466 sujeitos (feminino= 237 - masculino= 229), cuja idade era de 12±6 anos. Resultados: Com os dados obtidos, concluiu-se (P<0,05) que esta população sofreu um aumento no tempo diante das telas, diminuindo o tempo gasto em atividade física, causando modificações associadas a um aumento na quantidade de sono, devido ao confinamento. Conclusões: Esta situação terá conseqüências no futuro; portanto, é necessário gerar estratégias que permitam um ambiente ativo através do exercício físico.

ABSTRACT Introduction: An outbreak of disease due to a variety of coronavirus that affects humans began in December 2019 in Wuhan, China, where as of January 2022 it has caused more than five and a half million deaths. As the COVID-19 pandemic continues to unfold on a global scale, authorities in different territories and countries have introduced various protective measures, including the closure of schools, universities, travel bans, cultural, sporting and meeting, as well as social events. These compulsory social isolation and confinement processes were a reality imposed by the Argentine government as a preventive measure against the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Currently, there are few statistical records showing the damage caused to the physical state of child and adolescent populations, which have been confined due to the preventive measures taken against the Covid-19 pandemic. Objective: For this reason, this study aimed to describe some of the effects of confinement on physical inactivity in child and juvenile populations in Comodoro Rivadavia and Rada Tilly. Materials and methods: Scientific research methods and techniques were used, such as analytical-synthetic, inductive-deductive, document analysis and an anonymous questionnaire, answered by 466 subjects (female= 237 - male= 229), whose ages were 12± 6 years. Results: With the data obtained, it was concluded (P<0.05) that this population suffered an increase in the time spent in front of the screens, decreasing the time used to perform physical activity, causing changes associated with an increase in the amount of sleep, due to confinement. Conclusions: This situation will bring consequences in the future; therefore, it is necessary to generate strategies that allow an active environment through physical exercise.

Aislamiento y confinamiento: La otra pandemia en el ámbito social / Isolation and lockdown: The other pandemic in the social sphere / Isolamento e confinamento: A outra pandemia na esfera social

Introducción: El aislamiento y el confinamiento son medidas de alto impacto social que, a nivel mundial y en mayor o menor grado de intensidad, han provocado cambio, temporales o permanentes, respecto a la forma en que se realizan las interacciones sociales. Objetivo: realizar un estudio en el ámbito de lo doméstico y de las modificaciones externas que obligaron a un encierro drástico en la población colombiana en los primeros meses de la pandemia por la COVID-19. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio con enfoque cualitativo a partir de la aplicación de entrevistas en profundidad a 45 participantes residentes en la ciudad de Bucaramanga, Colombia, logrando la reconstrucción de rutas de vida para evaluar el momento más drástico del encierro de la población. Resultados: Desde los hallazgos, se resalta la capacidad de asimilación de las fuertes medidas de confinamiento, la colectivización de las justificaciones más legitimadas desde el discurso médico y la construcción de medidas de autocuidado constituidas en el ámbito de lo doméstico como lugar y espacio relacional clave para enfrentar la incertidumbre social frente a la ausencia de respuestas efectivas para el control del contagio y de la enfermedad. Conclusión: El drástico encierro de la población colombiana a partir de las medidas transitorias, conlleva una alta incertidumbre de los grupos familiares, pero también una respuesta generalmente positiva.

Introduction: Isolation and confinement are measures of high social impact that ­worldwide and to a greater or lesser degree of intensity­ have brought about temporary or permanent changes in how social interactions are conducted. Objective: To conduct a study on the domestic sphere and the external modifications that forced a drastic lockdown in the Colombian population during the first months of the COVID-19 pandemic. Materials and Methods: A qualitative study was carried out by conducting in-depth interviews with 45 participants living in the city of Bucaramanga, Colombia, reconstructing life pathways to evaluate the most drastic moment in the population's lockdown. Results: From the findings, the ability to assimilate strong lockdown measures, the collectivization of the medical discourse's most legitimate justifications, and the construction of self-care measures in the domestic sphere ­a key place and relational space to face social uncertainty in the absence of effective responses to control contagion and disease­ are highlighted. Conclusion: The drastic lockdown of the Colombian population due to the transitory measures entailed a high level of uncertainty for family groups but also a generally positive response.

Introdução: Isolamento e confinamento são medidas de alto impacto social que, em todo o mundo e em maior ou menor grau de intensidade, têm causado mudanças temporárias ou permanentes na forma como as interações sociais são realizadas. Objetivo: realizar um estudo no âmbito doméstico e as modificações externas que forçaram um confinamento drástico na população colombiana nos primeiros meses da pandemia de COVID-19. Materiais e Métodos: Realizou-se um estudo com abordagem qualitativa a partir da aplicação de entrevistas em profundidade a 45 participantes residentes na cidade de Bucaramanga, Colômbia, realizando a reconstrução de rotas de vida para avaliar o momento mais drástico do confinamento de a população. Resultados: A partir dos achados, destaca-se a capacidade de assimilação das medidas de confinamento forte, a coletivização das justificativas mais legítimas do discurso médico e a construção de medidas de autocuidado constituídas na esfera doméstica como lugar e espaço relacional fundamental. enfrentam a incerteza social na ausência de respostas eficazes para controlar o contágio e a doença. Conclusão: O confinamento drástico da população colombiana como resultado das medidas transitórias acarreta um alto grau de incerteza para os grupos familiares, mas também uma resposta geralmente positiva.

Metateatro (?) e genocídio na trilogia do confinamento, de Aldri Anunciação / Metateatro (?) and genocide in the trilogia do confinamento, by Aldri Anunciação / Metateatro (?) y genocidio en la trilogia do confinamento, de Aldri Anunciação

A incursão do dramaturgo Aldri Anunciação pela literatura dramática na Trilogia do confinamento é louvável. A primeira peça "Namíbia, não!" dá ênfase no lugar de pertencimento do indivíduo, a trama se desenvolve em torno de uma medida provisória que propõe levar todos os de "melanina acentuada" de volta para algum país do Continente Africano. A segunda peça "Embarque Imediato" se desenvolve a partir da perca da identidade e do passaporte de um doutorando negro, numa "sala clean" que fica no próprio aeroporto, esse jovem é combatido incessantemente por ideias de construções identitárias e é levado a refletir acerca da sua identidade. A terceira peça "Campo de batalha: A fantástica história de uma guerra bem sucedida" retrata por um viés mais brando e mais humanitário, que a guerra não tem cor e que o fim é o mesmo para todos os indivíduos que ousam existir. Assim por meio do método de revisão bibliográfica emerge este trabalho, tendo como aporte teórico: Nilson P. de Carvalho (2017), que pesquisa acerca da metaliteratura, e o teórico Abdias de Nascimento (2016), que pesquisa sobre o genocídio do negro brasileiro. O objetivo deste trabalho é compreender como esses conceitos podem ser percebidos nessa obra dramática. Portanto, é possível notar que em todas essas peças há a despersonalização e a descaracterização do negro, unindo os conceitos de metaliteratura e genocídio, pois a narrativa que perpassa as três peças reverbera sobre os rastros do colonialismo no negro.

Playwright Aldri Anunciação's foray into dramatic literature in the Trilogy of Confinement is commendable. The first play "Namibia, no!" emphasizes the individual's place of belonging, the plot develops around a provisional measure that proposes to take all those with "accentuated melanin" back to some country in the African Continent. The second play "Immediate Boarding" is based on the loss of identity and passport of a black doctoral student, in a "clean room" at the airport. The third piece "Battlefield: The Fantastic Story of a Successful War" portrays, in a milder and more humanitarian way, that war has no color and that the end is the same for all individuals who dare to exist. Thus, through the literature review method, this work emerges, having as theoretical contribution: Nilson P. de Carvalho (2017) who researches about metaliterature and the theorist Abdias de Nascimento (2016) who researches about the genocide of the Brazilian black. The aim of this work is to understand how these concepts can be perceived in this dramatic work. Therefore, it is possible to note that in all these plays the depersonalization and mischaracterization of the black man is perceptible, uniting the concepts of metaliterature and genocide, because the narrative that runs through the three plays reverberates about the traces of colonialism in the black man.

La incursión del dramaturgo Aldri Anunciação a través de la literatura dramática en la Trilogía del encierro es encomiable. La primera obra "¡Namibia, no!" hace hincapié en el lugar de pertenencia del individuo, la trama se desarrolla en torno a una medida provisional que propone llevar a todos aquellos con "melanina acentuada" a algún país del continente africano. La segunda pieza "Immediate Departure" se basa en la pérdida de identidad y del pasaporte de un estudiante de doctorado negro, en una "sala blanca" del propio aeropuerto, este joven es combatido incesantemente por las ideas de las construcciones identitarias y es llevado a reflexionar sobre su identidad. La tercera pieza "Campo de batalla: la fantástica historia de una guerra exitosa" retrata, a través de un enfoque más suave y humanitario, que la guerra no tiene color y que el final es el mismo para todos los individuos que se atreven a existir. Así a través del método de revisión bibliográfica surge este trabajo, teniendo como aporte teórico: Nilson P. de Carvalho (2017) que investiga sobre la metaliteratura y el teórico Abdias de Nascimento (2016) que investiga sobre el genocidio del negro brasileño. El objetivo de este trabajo es comprender cómo se pueden percibir estos conceptos en esta obra dramática. Por lo tanto, es posible notar que en todas estas obras es perceptible la despersonalización y la mala caracterización del hombre negro, uniendo los conceptos de metaliteratura y genocidio, porque la narrativa que recorre las tres obras reverbera sobre las huellas del colonialismo en el hombre negro.

Steep increase in myopia among public school-going children in South India after COVID-19 home confinement

Purpose: Novel coronavirus has brought huge changes in lifestyle, especially among children. Reports indicate that the prevalence of refractive errors among children has increased due to home confinement. Hence, this study was done to understand the current status of refractive errors among children from public schools in southern India. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted as part of school eye screening conducted between September and October 2021. Children between 14 and 17 years of age from public schools underwent a three-phased comprehensive eye examination. Children identified with refractive errors and an equal proportion of children without any refractive errors underwent a survey on outdoor activities. Prevalence estimates and 95% confidence interval were calculated. Chi-square tests and regression analysis were used to understand the association between refractive error and other variables. Results: From the data of 3,850 (90.69%) children, the prevalence of vision impairment, refractive errors, and myopia in at least one eye was found to be 12.83% (n = 494), 21.51% (n = 828), and 19.53% (n = 752), respectively. The average myopic spherical equivalent error was found to be -2.17 ± 1.11D (range:-0.50 D to -14.00 D). Almost 96.82% of girls had less than 3 h of outdoor activities. Refractive errors were 7.42 and 2.77 times more (95% CI: 3.51-15.70), P < 0.001) among children who had outdoor activities less than 3 h per day and sleep less than 7 h per day. Conclusion: Comparing to previous studies from North Indian and South Indian public schools, this study reports a three- to six-fold rise in myopia post-home confinement among public school children from India.

Violencia de género en mujeres confinadas durante la pandemia por SARS-CoV-2 / Gender-based violence in confined women during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic

Resumen: Objetivo: Identificar la presencia de violencia de género en mujeres confinadas, debido a la pandemia por Covid-19 en la región Costa de Oaxaca. Materiales y métodos: Investigación cuantitativa, descriptiva, correlacional y de corte transversal en 50 mujeres mayores de 18 años, que permanecieron al menos 1 mes confinadas debido a la pandemia por Covid-19, a quienes aplicaron un cuestionario que empleó el Índice de Severidad de Violencia de Pareja, respetando las recomendaciones éticas pertinentes de la Ley General de Salud en Materia de Investigación para la Salud. Los datos fueron procesados en el programa estadístico SPSS versión 21 y se empleó estadística descriptiva y el coeficiente de correlación de Pearson. Resultados: Se encontró una prevalencia de violencia psicológica de 90%, 72% de las mujeres notificaron violencia física y 64% fueron víctimas de violencia sexual. Se observa correlación positiva entre la edad con la violencia física (r= 0.405, p=0.004), violencia psicológica (r= 0.416, p= 0.003) y la violencia sexual (r= 0.527, p=0.000); se observa correlación negativa en las variables escolaridad y violencia física (r= -0.538, p= 0.000), violencia psicológica (r= -0.488, p= 0.000), violencia sexual (r=-0.411, p= 0.003). Conclusiones: La violencia de género es un tema que ha tomado gran relevancia en los últimos años, y que en la actualidad sigue siendo preocupante. A pesar de que se ha difundido información, sigue existiendo violencia dentro de los hogares mexicanos, en la Costa de Oaxaca durante el confinamiento por Covid-19 la violencia de género ha sido altamente prevalente, por lo que se requiere implementar medidas tendentes a prevenir y tratar la violencia de género.

Abstract: Objective: To identify the presence of gender-based violence in women confined due to the Covid-19 pandemic in the Oaxaca Coast Region Materials and methods: Quantitative, descriptive, correlational and cross-sectional research in 50 women over 18 years of age who remained at least 1 month in confinement due to the Covid-19 pandemic, who applied a questionnaire using the Intimate Partner Violence Severity Index, respecting the pertinent ethical recommendations of the General Health Law on Health Research. The data were processed in the SPSS version 21 statistical program and descriptive statistics and Pearson´s correlation coefficient were used. Results: A prevalence of psychological violence was found to be 90%. 72% of the women reported physical violence and 64% were victims of sexual violence. A positive correlation was observed between age and physical violence (r= 0.405, p= 0.004), psychological violence (r= 0.416, p= 0.003) and sexual violence (r= 0.527, p=0.000); a negative correlation was observed in the variables schooling and physical violence (r= -0.538, p= 0.000), psychological violence (r= -0.488, p= 0.000), sexual violence (r= -0.411, p= 0.003). Conclusions: Gender-based violence is an issue that has taken great relevance in recent years, and that currently continues to be of concern. Despite the fact that information has been disseminated, violence continues to exist within mexican homes. In the Oaxaca Coast during the confinement by Covid-19, gender-based violence has been highly prevalent, which is why it is necessary to implement measures to prevent and treat gender-based violence.

Efectos en el estado de bienestar en periodo de confinamiento debido al COVID-19 en jugadores profesionales de fútbol / Effects on the wellness state in period of confinement due to COVID-19 in professional soccer players

Resumen El propósito del estudio fue conocer las alteraciones en el estado de bienestar en periodo de confinamiento debido al COVID-19 en jugadores de fútbol profesional de la primera división B de Chile. Participaron 28 jugadores profesionales de fútbol varones, edad 26 ± 6.3 años, masa corporal de 74.2 ± 5.5 kg y estatura de 177 ± 0.05 cm. Se evaluó el grado de bienestar a través de un cuestionario (McLean et al., 2010) durante periodo competitivo y periodo de confinamiento de la temporada 2020. Se muestran diferencias estadísticamente significativas (p<0.05) entre el periodo competitivo y el periodo de confinamiento, en FT (t = 2.5; p = 0.0), SO (t = 2.71; p = 0.01), ES (t = 5.07; p = 0.0), EA (t = 1.82; p = 0.08) y T (t = 4.87; p = 0.0). Se reflejaron TE pequeños en las variables EA y DM (d = 0.7; d = 0.4 respectivamente), moderados en FT y SO (d = 1.0; d = 1.2 respectivamente) y muy grandes en ES y T (d = 2.1; d = 2.0 respectivamente). Los PC y CV entre periodos para las variables de bienestar fueron para FT 11% y 11.6%, para DM 5.3% y 13.1%, para SO 9.3%; 7.5%, ES 11.6% y 5.9, para EA 3.9%; 5.2%, y finalmente para T 8.1% y 4.0% respectivamente. Es posible concluir que el estado de bienestar en jugadores profesionales de fútbol se ve alterado en el periodo de confinamiento respecto al de competición, encontrándose cambios significativos en las variables FT, SO, ES y T, que coincidieron con los cambios de moderados a muy grandes de estas mismas variables, como también los PC fueron más grandes que el CV entre periodos; por lo que podríamos considerar estos cambios como reales, y que pudiesen ser un efecto atribuible al aislamiento obligatorio.

Abstract This study aimed to find changes in the wellness state, during the confinement period due to COVID-19, in professional soccer players from the first division B of Chile. The studied sample consisted of 28 professional male soccer players aged 26 ± 6.3 years, body mass 74.2 ± 5.5 kg, and height 177 ± 0.05 cm. The degree of well-being was evaluated through a questionnaire (McLean et al., 2010) during the 2020 competitive and confinement periods. Statistically, significant differences (p <0.05) between the competitive period and the confinement period are shown in FT (t = 2.5; p = 0.0), SO (t = 2.71; p = 0.01), ES (t = 5.07; p = 0.0), EA (t = 1.82; p = 0.08), and T (t = 4.87; p = 0.0). Small TE were reflected in the variables EA and DM (d = 0.7; d = 0.4 respectively), moderate in FAT and SO (d = 1.0; d = 1.2 respectively), and very large in ES and T (d = 2.1; d = 2.0 respectively). The CP and CV between periods for the well-being variables were the following: for FAT, 11% and 11.6%, for DM, 5.3% and 13.1%; for SO, 9.3%; 7.5%, ES 11.6% and 5.9, for EA 3.9%; 5.2%, and finally for T 8.1% and 4.0% respectively. It is possible to conclude that the state of well-being in professional soccer players is altered in the period of confinement with respect to that of competition, finding significant changes in the variables FT, SO, ES, and T, which coincided with the changes from moderate to very large of these same variables, as well as the PC were larger than the CV between periods. Therefore, we could consider these changes as real, and they could be an effect attributable to the mandatory isolation.

Resumo O objetivo do estudo foi conhecer as alterações no estado de bem-estar no período de confinamento devido à COVID-19 entre jogadores profissionais de futebol da primeira divisão B do Chile. Vinte e oito jogadores profissionais de futebol masculino participaram, com idade de 26 ± 6,3 anos, massa corporal de 74,2 ± 5,5 kg e altura de 177 ± 0,05 cm. O grau de bem-estar foi avaliado por meio de um questionário (McLean et al., 2010) durante os períodos competitivos e de confinamento da temporada 2020. Forma demonstradas diferenças estatisticamente significativas (p<0,05) entre o período competitivo e o de confinamento, em FT (t = 2,5; p = 0,0), SO (t = 2,71; p = 0,01), ES (t = 5,07; p = 0,0), EA (t = 1,82; p = 0,08) e T (t = 4,87; p = 0,0). TE pequenos foram refletidos nas variáveis EA e DM (d = 0,7; d = 0,4 respectivamente), moderados em FT e SO (d = 1,0; d = 1,2 respectivamente) e muito grandes em ES e T (d = 2,1; d = 2,0 respectivamente). O PC e o CV entre períodos para as variáveis de bem-estar foram para FT 11% e 11,6%, para DM 5,3% e 13,1%, para SO 9,3%; 7,5%, ES 11,6% e 5,9, para EA 3,9%; 5,2%, e finalmente para T 8,1% e 4,0% respectivamente. É possível concluir que o estado de bem-estar dos jogadores de futebol profissional ficou alterado no período de confinamento em relação ao período de competição, encontrando alterações significativas nas variáveis FT, SO, ES e T, que coincidiram com alterações moderadas a muito grandes nestas mesmas variáveis, assim como o PC foi maior que o CV entre períodos; desta forma, poderíamos considerar estas alterações como reais, e que poderiam ser um efeito atribuível ao isolamento obrigatório.

Niveles de ansiedad durante el confinamiento obligatorio por covid-19, en estudiantes de una Universidad Estatal del Caribe colombiano / Anxiety levels during compulsory confinement due to covid-19, in students of a Colombian Caribbean State University / Níveis de ansiedade durante o confinamento obrigatório devido ao covid-19, em alunos de uma Universidade Estadual do Caribe colombiano

RESUMEN Introducción: La alarma mundial por la pandemia del covid-19 ha afectado no solo la salud física sino también la salud mental de toda la población, incluyendo a los jóvenes universitarios. Objetivo: Caracterizar la presencia de la ansiedad (Ansiedad Estado-AE y Ansiedad Rasgo-AR) en estudiantes de una Universidad estatal del Caribe colombiano en situación de confinamiento obligatorio por el covid-19. Método: investigación cuantitativa de tipo descriptiva y diseño transversal, con muestreo intencional. Participaron 371 estudiantes de las seis Facultades de la universidad participante, hombres y mujeres, con edad mínima de 16 y máxima de 33 años, M de 18,3 años y DT de 2,1 años. Los estudiantes respondieron el Cuestionario STAI (State Trait Anxiety Inventory), mediante la plataforma de Google Forms, el cual fue enviado a 1200 estudiantes por medio de correo electrónico, durante el mes de mayo de 2020. Los datos fueron procesados mediante el SPSSv21, se hicieron análisis descriptivos por grupos y de Odds Ratio (OR). Resultados: Se hallaron niveles de ansiedad, ligeramente superior en AE y AR en el sexo masculino en la categoría muy alto tanto para adolescentes como adultos. Mientras que, en la categoría alta, se presentó mayor AE en el sexo femenino en el rango de edad de 19 años o más, y en el rango de 16 a 18 años AR ligeramente más alta en el sexo femenino. Así mismo, las mujeres adolescentes tienen un OR de 2,2 veces más de AE que las adultas, representando un riesgo para su salud. Conclusiones: Los estudiantes universitarios presentan altos niveles de ansiedad, ligeramente mayor en los adolescentes respecto a los adultos, lo que pone en riesgo su salud mental, por lo que se sugiere medidas de intervención desde la psicología de la salud con fines de prevención y monitorear los avances mediante nuevas investigaciones.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The global alarm for the covid-19 pandemic has affected not only the physical health but also the mental health of the entire population, including young university students. Objective: To characterize the presence of anxiety (Anxiety State-AE and Anxiety trait-AR) in students of a Colombian Caribbean State University in a situation of compulsory confinement due to covid-19. Method: descriptive quantitative research and cross-sectional design, with intentional sampling. 371 students from the six Faculties of the participating university participated, men and women, with a minimum age of 16 and a maximum of 33 years, M of 18,3 years and DT of 2,1 years. The students responded to the STAI Questionnaire (State Trait Anxiety Inventory), through the Google Forms platform, which was sent to 1200 students by email, during the month of May 2020. The data was processed through the SPSSv21, they did descriptive analysis by groups and Odds Ratio (OR). Results: Anxiety levels were found to be slightly higher in EA and RA in the male sex in the very high category for both adolescents and adults. Meanwhile, in the high category, higher EA was found in the female sex in the age range of 19 years or older, and in the range of 16 to 18 years RA was slightly higher in the female sex. Likewise, adolescent females have an OR of 2,2 times more EA than adults, representing a risk to their health. Conclusions: University students present high levels of anxiety, slightly higher in adolescents than in adults, which puts their mental health at risk, therefore, intervention measures are suggested from health psychology for prevention and monitoring purposes advances through new research.

RESUMO Introdução: O alarme global sobre a pandemia covid-19 afetou não apenas a saúde física, mas também a saúde mental de toda a população, incluindo jovens estudantes universitários. Objetivo: Caracterizar a presença de ansiedade (Ansiedade do Estado-AE e Ansiedade Traço-AR) em alunos de uma Universidade Estadual do Caribe colombiano em situação de confinamento obrigatório por covid-19. Método: pesquisa quantitativa do tipo descritivo e delineamento transversal, com amostragem intencional. Participaram 371 alunos das seis Faculdades da universidade participante, homens e mulheres, com idade mínima de 16 e máxima de 33 anos, M de 18,3 anos e DT de 2,1 anos. Os alunos responderam ao STAI Questionnaire (State Trait Anxiety Inventory), por meio da plataforma Google Forms, que foi enviado a 1200 alunos por e-mail, durante o mês de maio de 2020. Os dados foram processados por meio do SPSSv21, fez análise descritiva por grupos e Odds Ratio (OR). Resultados: Foram encontrados níveis ligeiramente mais elevados de ansiedade na AE e na AR em homens da categoria muito alta, tanto para adolescentes como para adultos. Na categoria alta, a AE era mais elevada nas fêmeas na faixa etária dos 19+, e na faixa etária dos 16-18, a RA era ligeiramente mais elevada nas fêmeas. Do mesmo modo, as fêmeas adolescentes têm um OR 2,2 vezes mais AE que os adultos, representando um risco para a sua saúde. Conclusões: Os universitários apresentam níveis elevados de ansiedade, ligeiramente superiores nos adolescentes do que nos adultos, o que põe em risco a sua saúde mental, pelo que são sugeridas medidas de intervenção da psicologia da saúde para efeitos de prevenção e acompanhamento avanços por meio de novas pesquisas.

Estado, vulnerabilidade, comunicaçãoe pandemia de COVID-19 / State, vulnerability, communication and COVID-19 pandemic / Estado, vulnerabilidade, comunicación y pandemia de COVID-19

Este dossiê apresenta os resultados de estudos que debatem o direito à saúde, confinamento, comunicação e COVID-19 à luz das contribuições de seis áreas de conhecimento: Saúde Coletiva, Antropologia Social, Comunicação em Saúde, Psicologia Social, Bioética e Direito Sanitário. A partir desse olhar interdisciplinar, tais estudos abordam principalmente o Estado ­seja ele materializado em entes da federação, agentes governamentais e principalmente instituições ­ diante da pandemia de COVID-19 e versam sobre os direitos fundamentais, a legislação em saúde, as medidas de confinamento no combate ao coronavírus, a mídia e especialmente alguns segmentos populacionais em situação de vulnerabilidade. Espera-se que este dossiê indique novos caminhos para investigar as experiências de isolamento e confinamento no Brasil e contribua para outros debates e outras publicações sobre vulnerabilidade e Estado, que certamente se sucederão nos próximos anos.

This thematic issue presents the results of studies that debate the right to health, confinement, communication, and COVID-19 considering contributions from six areas of knowledge: Public Health, Social Anthropology, Health Communication, Social Psychology, Bioethics and Health Law. From this interdisciplinary perspective, the studies address the State, which is materialized as federation entities, government agents and institutions, whenfaced with the COVID-19 pandemic and dissert about fundamental rights, health legislation, confinement measures against coronavirus, the media and vulnerable population segments. We hope this thematic issue will highlight new ways to investigate the experiences of isolation and confinement in Brazil and contribute to other debates and publications about vulnerability and the State that will undoubtedlyfollow in the coming years.

Este dosier presenta los resultados de estudios que debaten sobre el Derecho a la Salud, el confinamiento, la comunicación y COVID-19, a la luz de los aportes de seis áreas de conocimiento: Salud Colectiva, Antropología Social, Comunicación en Salud, Psicología Social, Bioética y Derecho de la Salud. Desde esta perspectiva interdisciplinaria, tales estudios abordan principalmente al Estado ­sea materializado en entidades federativas, agentes gubernamentales y especialmente instituciones ­ frente a la pandemia de la COVID-19 y tratan sobre los derechos fundamentales;la legislación sanitaria; las medidas de confinamiento para el enfrentamiento del nuevo coronavirus;los medios de comunicación y en especial algunos segmentos de la población en situación de vulnerabilidad. Se espera que este dosier indique nuevas formas de investigar nuestras experiencias de aislamiento y confinamiento, contribuyendo también a otros debates y publicaciones sobre la vulnerabilidad y el Estado que seguramente seguirán en los próximos años.

Visibilizar indivíduos, ocultar instituições: uma análise documental de categorias governamentais para abordar o fenômeno do confinamento no Brasil / Making individuals visible, hiding institutions: a document analysis of government categories to address the phenomenon of confinement in Brazil / Visibilizar a los individuos, esconder las instituciones: un análisis documental de las categorías gubernamentales para abordar el fenómeno del encierro carcelario en el Brasil

Objetivo: descrever e analisar categorias para se referir a pessoas e estabelecimentos adotadas nos setores saúde e justiça do Poder Executivo Federal, acentuando assim a dimensão política do fenômeno do confinamento no Brasil. Metodologia: desenvolvemos uma perspectiva panorâmica dos resultados obtidos, destacando o número e a frequência dessas categorias. Nossa análise documental focalizou cartilhas e outros materiais educativos, identificados e caracterizados após consulta a quatro websites. Resultados: reunimos 147 documentos, a maioria deles com a finalidade de suscitar engajamento social e a minoria para definir normas. No setor justiça, localizamos 412 registros de expressões para se referir a populações e 274 para se referir a estabelecimentos, bem como 619 e 390 no setor saúde, de modo que se apresenta o público da política quase o dobro de vezes do que o serviço ofertado nesses materiais educativos. Conclusão: há mais categorias para se referir às populações-alvo das políticas sanitárias e penitenciárias do que aos espaços nos quais se recomenda que elas sejam alocadas. Em algumas áreas técnicas, quase cinco vezes mais, como se o processo de formulação dessas formas de ação estatal colaborasse para visibilizar indivíduos e ocultar instituições.

Objective: to describe and analyze categories to refer to people and establishments adopted in the health and justice sectors of the Federal Executive Branch thus accentuating the political dimension of the phenomenon of confinement in Brazil. Methods: we developed an overview of the results, highlighting the number and frequency of these categories. Our document analysis focused on primers and other educational materials identified and characterized after consulting four websites. Results: we gathered 147 documents, most of them with the purpose of raising social engagement, and a few defining norms. In the justice sectorwe found 412 records of expressions to refer to populations, and 274 to refer to establishments, as well as 619 and 390 in the health sector so that the policy target audience is presented almost twice as often as the service offered in these educational materials. Conclusion: there are more categories to refer to the target populations of health and penitentiary policies than to the spaces in which it is recommended that they be allocated. In some technical areas, almost five times more, as if the process of formulating these forms of state action collaborated to make individuals visible while hiding institutions.

Objetivo: describir y analizar categorías para referirnos a personas y establecimientos adoptados en los sectores de salud y justicia del Poder Ejecutivo Federal, acentuando así dimensión política del fenómeno del encierro carcelario en el Brasil. Metodología: Desarrollamos una perspectiva panorámica de los resultados obtenidos, destacando el número y frecuencia de estas categorías. Nuestro análisis documental se centró en folletos y otros materiales educativos, identificados y caracterizados después de consultar cuatro sitios web. Resultados: reunimos 147 documentos, la mayoría de estos con el propósito de crear compromiso social y en menor proporción para definir normas. En el sector justicia encontramos 412 registros de expresiones para referirse a poblaciones y 274 para referirse a los establecimientos, así como 619 y 390 en el sector salud, de este modo, es presentado el público de la política en casi el doble de veces que el servicio ofrecido en estos materiales educativos. Conclusión: hay más categorías para referirse a las poblaciones-alvo de políticas de salúd y penitenciarias, que a espacios en los cuales se recomienda que estas sean asignadas. En algunas áreas técnicas casi cinco veces más, como si el proceso de formulación de estas formas de acción estatal colaborara a hacer visibles a los individuos y ocultar las instituciones

Adquisición de competencias pedagógicas en educación física durante el confinamiento por covid-19 en México / Aquisição de habilidades pedagógicas em educação física durante o confinamento por covid-19 no México / Acquisition of pedagogical skills in physical education during the covid-19 confinement in Mexico

La pandemia por COVID-19 afectó diferentes estructuras sociales, una de las estructuras internas que puso a prueba fue la educativa. El propósito de este estudio fue analizar la experiencia pedagógica del profesorado en Educación Física antes y durante la pandemia, además de las perspectivas futuras en relación con el confinamiento por COVID-19 en México. Este estudio tuvo un diseño fenomenológico y participaron siete asesores técnico pedagógicos y supervisores de Educación Física. Como resultados destaca que previo a la pandemia el profesorado no se había apropiado del programaeducativo; durante el confinamiento, la intervención didáctica fue un reto, sobre todo la evaluación; y se visualiza que el profesorado será más competente en el regreso a clases presenciales. Por lo que se puede concluir que se observó la necesidad de reformas estructurales que contemplen la implementación de herramientas pedagógicas que usen la virtualidad como valioso recurso dentro de la Educación Física.(AU)

A pandemia de covid-19 afetou diferentes estruturas sociais. Dentre as estruturas internas que colocou à prova estava a educacional. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a experiência pedagógica de professores de Educação Física antes, durante e perspectivas futuras em relação ao confinamento por covid-19 no México. Este estudo teve um desenho fenomenológico, participaram sete orientadores técnico-pedagógicos e supervisores de Educação Física. Como resultados, destaca-se que antes da pandemia, os professores não se apropriavam do programa educacional. Durante o confinamento, a intervenção didática foi um desafio, especialmente a avaliação; e visualiza-se que o corpo docente será mais competente no retorno às aulas presenciais. Portanto, pode-se concluir que se observou a necessidade de reformas estruturais que contemplem a implantação de ferramentas pedagógicas que utilizem a virtualidade como um recurso valioso dentro da Educação Física.(AU)

The COVID-19 pandemic affected different social structures, among the internal structures that it put to the test was the educational one. The purpose of this study was to analyze the pedagogical experience of Physical Education teachers before, during and future perspectives in relation to the confinement by COVID-19 in Mexico. This study had a phenomenological design, seven technical-pedagogical advisors and Physical Education supervisors participated. As results, it stands out that, prior to the pandemic, teachers did not appropriate the educational program. During confinement, the didactic intervention was a challenge, especially the evaluation; and it is visualized that the teaching personal will be more competent in the return to face-to-face classes. Therefore, it can be concluded the need for structural reforms that contemplate the implementation of pedagogical tools that use the online environment as a valuable resource within Physical Education.(AU)

Investigación cualitativa sobre el impacto del confinamiento estricto en las entidades del tercer sector españolas relacionadas con las enfermedades raras / Qualitative research about the impact of strict enclosure in entities of the Spanish third sector related to rare diseases

Resumen A raíz de la pandemia producida por el impacto del nuevo coronavirus, se adoptaron medidas de confinamiento estricto en España desde el 15 de marzo de 2020. Las medidas afectaron, entre otros sistemas, a la actividad y gestión de las entidades del tercer sector dedicadas a la atención a las personas con enfermedades raras. En este estudio se trató de conocer este impacto, mediante el uso de metodología cualitativa y el software MAXQDA a partir de una muestra de 81 entidades participantes en el estudio. Del análisis de la información obtenida se pudo extraer que el confinamiento no ha supuesto un impacto homogéneo en la gestión de las entidades. Destaca la reducción de sus actividades de visibilidad con el consiguiente impacto social y psicoafectivo. Ello pone de manifiesto una debilidad estructural previa que con esta situación se ha visto agravada. Este estudio también profundiza en los ajustes que estas entidades han realizado para poder seguir prestando sus servicios de apoyo, así como el impacto que ha tenido en sus escasas plantillas y equipos directivos.

Abstract As a result of the pandemic caused by the impact of the SAR-Cov-2 orthocoranavirus, strict containment measures were adopted in Spain from March 15, 2020. These measures affected, among other systems, the activity and management of third sector entities dedicated to the care of people with rare diseases. In this study we tried to know this impact, using qualitative methodology and MAXQDA software from a sample of 81 entities participating in the study. From the analysis of the information obtained, it was possible to draw the conclusion that confinement has not had a homogeneous impact on the management of the organizations. The reduction of their visibility activities stands out, with the consequent social and psycho-affective impact. This highlights a previous structural weakness that has been aggravated by this situation. The study also delves into the adjustments that these entities have made in order to be able to continue providing their support services, as well as the impact this has had on their scarce staff and management teams.

Violencia en el hogar contra mujeres adultas durante el confinamiento por la pandemia de Covid-19 en México / Violence at home against adult women during the confinement by the Covid-19 pandemic in Mexico

Resumen: Objetivo: Analizar la prevalencia de violencia en el hogar y factores individuales, familiares y comunitarios asociados en mujeres adultas durante el confinamiento por Covid-19. Material y métodos: Se realizó un análisis secundario de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición 2020 sobre Covid-19 con representación nacional. Se utilizó un modelo de regresión logística ajustado por variables de interés. Resultados: La prevalencia fue de 5.8%. Los actos más reportados fueron gritos, insultos o amenazas (4.3%). La mayoría de las mujeres que reportaron cualquiera de los tipos de violencia ya la había experimentado antes del confinamiento. Los niveles bajos de bienestar (RM=1.96, IC95%: 1.28,2.99) y vivir en algún hogar donde se perdió un empleo por la contingencia (RM=1.96, IC95%: 1.41,2.73) resultaron asociados. Conclusiones: En las intervenciones de atención es necesario tomar en cuenta factores que profundizan la vulnerabilidad de las mujeres como la violencia preexistente y la pérdida de empleo.

Abstract: Objective: To analyze the prevalence of domestic violence in adult women during confinement derived from the Covid-19 pandemic and individual, familiar and communitarian associated factors. Materials and methods: A secondary analysis was carried out the 2020 National Health and Nutrition Survey on Covid-19, with national representation. A logistic regression model adjusted for the variables of interest was performed. Results: The prevalence was 5.8%. The most reported acts were shouting, insults or threats (4.3%). Most of the women who reported some type of violence in the home had already experienced it before the confinement. Low levels of well-being (OR= 1.96, 95%CI: 1.28,2.99), and living in a home where job was lost due to contingency (OR= 1.96, 95%CI: 1.41,2.73) were associated factors. Conclusions: In care interventions, it is necessary to take into account factors that deepen the vulnerability of women, such as pre-existing violence and loss of employment.

Impacto en la salud mental de la población producto del confinamiento por la pandemia del COVID-19: una revisión bibliográfica narrativa / Population mental health impact of COVID-19 pandemic confinement: a narrative literature review

La crisis sanitaria provocada por el COVID-19 tuvo un importante impacto en la salud mental de la población; siendo el confinamiento preventivo y obligatorio una de las medidas que se implementaron para tratar de contener el contagio de la enfermedad y como consecuencia, la población se vio expuesta a múltiples efectos psicosociales. El objetivo de esta revisión bibliográfica fue identificar el impacto en la salud mental producto del confinamiento por la pandemia del COVID-19 en la población general. Método: Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica narrativa, utilizando las bases de datos de PubMed, ProQuest y Epistemonikos, seleccionando artículos para el análisis de acuerdo al cumplimiento de criterios de inclusión y exclusión. Fueron 18 los artículos seleccionados que describen el impacto en la salud mental de la población producto del confinamiento por la pandemia del COVID-19. Resultados: El confinamiento impacta en la salud mental de las personas, generando principalmente efectos negativos como ansiedad, depresión, estrés e insomnio, y efectos positivos destacando el valor y disfrute de la familia y amigos. Conclusión: El sexo femenino, la edad y la existencia de trastornos mentales previos son factores de riesgo que predisponen el desarrollo de trastornos de la salud mental que deben ser identificados en un contexto de pandemia.

The health crisis caused by COVID-19 had an important impact on the population's mental health; preventive and mandatory confinement was one of the measures implemented to contain the spread of the disease, and, as a consequence, the population was exposed to multiple psychosocial effects. The objective of this literature review was to identify the mental health impact of COVID-19 pandemic confinement in the general population. Methods: A narrative literature review was carried out using PubMed, ProQuest, and Epistemonikos databases, selecting articles for analysis according to the fulfillment of inclusion and exclusion criteria. Eighteen articles were selected describing the impact on the population's mental health as a result of confinement due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Results: Confinement impacts people's mental health, generating mainly adverse effects such as anxiety, depression, stress, and insomnia, and positive effects highlighting the value and enjoyment of family and friends. Conclusion: Female sex, age, and the existence of previous mental disorders are risk factors that predispose to the development of mental health disorders that should be identified in a pandemic context.

Acciones educativas de la familia con el escolar durante el confinamiento por la COVID-19 / Family educational actions with schoolers during COVID-19 confinement

Introducción: El confinamiento por la COVID-19 ha generado un desafío en la crianza de los escolares. Objetivo: Examinar el desempeño de acciones educativas de la familia con el escolar durante el confinamiento por la COVID-19. Métodos: Investigación descriptiva, muestreo no probabilístico,112 familias. que cumplían aislamiento social en la comunidad Ramón López Peña, San Cristóbal, Artemisa en 2020. Instrumento utilizado: Escala de acciones educativas de la familia con el escolar durante el confinamiento por la COVID-19, construida y validada por los investigadores con alfa de Cronbach= 0,970). Resultados: Las acciones educativas: cumplir los horarios de alimentación y sueño (70,6 por ciento), distribuir los roles en el cuidado del menor (70,6 por ciento), apoyo emocional (70,6 por ciento), apoyar con las teleclases (70,6 por ciento), siempre se realizaron por las familias con desempeño favorable. Las acciones: ayudar a recuperarse de una emoción negativa (72,7 por ciento), alejar al escolar de las preocupaciones y tensiones del hogar (72,7 por ciento), explicar si no entiende los contenidos o buscar ayuda (72,7 por ciento), casi nunca fueron realizadas por las familias con desempeño desfavorable. Conclusiones: La mayoría de las familias presentaron desempeño favorable de acciones educativas. La dimensión Cuidados del menor fue la mejor expresada. Enseñar al escolar las medidas higiénicas de protección; brindar información a los escolares sobre cómo protegerse; enseñar y practicar formas de saludar y de mantenerse conectados con seres queridos y amigos, fueron las acciones educativas más realizadas por ambos grupos de familia. La complejidad del aprendizaje en casa y el manejo afectivo del niño requieren especial atención(AU)

Introduction: COVID-19 confinement has created a challenge in raising schoolers. Objective: Examine the performance of educational actions of the family with the school during the confinement by COVID-19. Methods: Descriptive research, non-probabilistic sampling, 112 families who complied with social isolation in Ramón López Peña community, San Cristobal, Artemisa province in 2020. Instrument used: Scale of educational actions of the family with school children during confinement by COVID-19, built and validated by researchers with Cronbach´s alpha = 0.970. Results: Educational actions as meeting food and sleep schedules (70.6 percent), distributing roles in child care (70.6 percent), emotional support (70.6 percent), supporting with teleclasses (70.6 percent) were always carried out by families with favorable performance. Actions like helping to recover from negative emotions (72.7 percent), keeping the schooler away from household concerns and tensions (72.7 percent), explaining whether they don't understand the contents or looking for help (72.7 percent) were almost never made by families with unfavorable performance. Conclusions: Most families had a favorable performance in educational actions. The Child Care dimension was the best performed one. Teaching the schoolchildren the hygienic protective measures, provide information to schoolchildren on how to protect themselves, teaching and practicing ways to greet and stay connected with loved ones and friends were the most performed educational actions by both family groups. The complexity of home learning and the child's affective management require special attention(AU)